There’s a number of different things that can be done. Food goes bad because of the amount of bacteria on it or because the bacteria produce toxins etc. We first of all food should be kept away from anything that could contaminate it (and ideally that includes the air). But putting food in the fridge slows bacterial growth. Putting it in the freezer slows bacterial growth even more. Also cooking food to suitably hot temperatures should kill nearly all bacteria. However once the food is cooled enough and exposed to the air bacteria can begin to grow again!
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